The information below is divided in the following format:

1) SUBJECT CATEGORY — Large Capital Numbered Font (ex. 01 — HEALTH)

2) HISTORICAL & OPPRESSIVE SYSTEMS — Bold Font (ex. Zoning)

3) Modern Inequities are solid-bulleted and italicized (ex. Limited Access to Essential Resources)

4) COVID-19 IMPACT IS UNDERLINED.

01 — HEALTH

Unethical Medical Experimentation

• Medical Distrust: Black Americans report higher levels of medical distrust than White Americans and are less likely to visit a primary care doctor [Source 1][Source 2][Source 3].

  • COVID-19 IMPACT:

    Disproportionate # of COVID19 cases/deaths

    Lack of trust in hospitals, doctors, prevention guidance, contact tracing, vaccine, and treatment due to generational experiences and trauma.

Hospital Segregation/Provider Bias/ Discrimination/Racism/Limited Access to Insurance

• Increased Risk for Preventable Diseases: 72% more likely to have diabetes; 20% more likely to be obese; 20% more likely to have asthma; and 8X more likely to be diagnosed with HIV [Source 1][Source 2].

  • COVID-19 IMPACT:

    Disproportionate # of COVID19 cases/deaths

    People of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions are at higher risk for severe illness and death from COVID-19.

Zoning/Neighborhood Segregation

• Limited Access to Essential Resources: Full-service grocery stores; Adequately resourced healthcare providers; Clean Air, Water, and Green Space [Source].

  • COVID-19 IMPACT:

    Disproportionate # of COVID19 cases/deaths

    -More likely to travel farther and more often for groceries and other essential needs.

    -More likely to not have testing near home or safe transportation to testing.

    -Higher risk for severe symptoms due to underlying conditions.

02 — ECONOMIC STABILITY

Red Lining/Housing Discrimination

• Homeownership Gap: White Rate = 73.7%/Black Rate = 44% [Source]

  • COVID-19 IMPACT:

    Disproportionate # of COVID19 cases/deaths

    -Lack of multi-room homes suitable for self-isolating, which puts other family members at risk.

Employment Discrimination

• Wealth Gap: Median White Family Wealth = $171,000/Median Black Family Wealth = $17,600 [Source][Source 2][Source 3][Source 4]

  • COVID-19 IMPACT:

    Disproportionate # of cases, Unemployment and Homelessness

    -Due to limited access to high-wage jobs, many essential workers (grocery, food-service, custodial) are Black and cannot stay at home.

    -Black workers are the last hired and first fired.

    -Black families do not have safety nets to sustain them during quarantine and shutdown orders.

03 — EDUCATION

School Segregation

• Quality Education Access: Districts serving mostly students of color receive roughly $2,000  less per student than districts with the fewest students of color [Source 1][Source 2].

  • COVID-19 IMPACT:

    Widened Racial Achievement Gaps

    Teachers/Students/Parents do not have access to or familiarity with tech (WiFi, laptops) needed for online learning.

School-to-Prison/Pipeline

• Over Policing: “Zero-tolerance” policies criminalize minor infractions of school rules. Police in schools lead to students being criminalized for behavior that should be handled inside the school [Source 1][Source 2].

  • COVID-19 IMPACT:

    Disproportionate # of COVID19 cases/deaths

    Black Americans are incarcerated more than 5X  the rate of White Americans, which increases risk for COVID-19 due to restricted movement, confined spaces, and limited medical care in prisons.

Anti-Literacy Laws

• Literacy Gaps: Due to restricted and limited access to information and resources, 46% of White students compared to 17% of Black students scored at or above proficient on the National Assessment of Educational Progress 12th Grade Reading Level Assessment [Source].

  • COVID-19 IMPACT:

    Disproportionate # of COVID19 cases/deaths

    -Continuous spread of misinformation due to delays and gaps in information sharing.

    -Difficulty reading,  understanding, and accessing dense prevention guidance and rapidly evolving government policies.